Architecture of Harappan Civilization
The remains of Harappa and Mohenjodaro reveal a remarkable understanding of town planning. The towns here were based on a rectangular grid pattern. The roads ran in north-south and east-west directions and cut each other at right angles.
Mainly three types of buildings have been found from the excavation sites - dwelling houses, public buildings and public baths. The Harappans used clay bricks of standardized dimensions for construction. Several layers of well-baked bricks were laid and joined together using gypsum mortar.
The city was divided into two parts, the upper fort (fort) and the lower city. The high-rise citadel in the western part was used for buildings of large dimensions, such as granaries, administrative buildings, pillared halls and courtyards, etc.
Some of the buildings in the Garhi were probably the residences of the rulers and the aristocracy. However, the sites of the Indus Lower City Valley Civilization do not have large monuments such as temples or palaces for rulers, unlike the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations.
Indian Harappan Civilization
The granaries were intelligently designed with high platforms including ventilation vessels. This helped in the storage of grains as well as in protecting them from pests.
One of the main features of Harappan cities was the prevalence of public baths. This indicates the importance of ritualistic purity in their culture. Around these baths were walls and a group of chambers. The most famous example of public museums is the "Great Sthangar" in the excavated remains of Mohenjodaro.
In the lower part of the town, small one-chambered buildings have been found. These were probably used as housing by the working class people. Some houses also had stairs indicating that these were probably two-storey buildings. Most of the buildings had private wells and bathrooms and proper arrangement for ventilation.
Harappan Civilization history
The most prominent feature of the Harappan civilization was its advanced drainage system. The smaller drains coming out of each house were connected to the larger ones running along the main road. Drains for regular cleaning and maintenance
was loosely covered. Sispits were made at regular distances. The emphasis placed on both personal and public hygiene is impressive. The presence of wells has also been observed at many places.
Many scholars even say that the Tigrisadjala-Eurats used to call the civilization 'Meluha'. Many seals of the Indus Valley have been found in Mesopotamia.
Sculptures of Harappan Civilization
Harappan sculptors were very skilled in dealing with three dimensional creations. Most seals, bronze sculptures and pottery have been found.
stamp
Animals and buffaloes appear. Two deer chanting under the seat of the figure
Yashparti Chali Maher: Palathi archaeologists have found many seals of different sizes and types from all the excavation sites in the statite seal found from Mohenjodaro.
Where right seals are square, there is evidence of the use of triangular, rectangular and circular seals. Although steatite, a soft stone found in the river bed, was most commonly used for making seals, agate, chert, copper, kachabh (faience) and terracotta have also been found. Some examples of gold and ivory seals have also been found.
Most of the seals also have seal inscriptions in Chitrakshara script and these have not yet been read. The script was mostly written from right to left, but bi-directional writing style, i.e. right to left in one line and left to right in another line, has also been found. They also have animal figures (usually five) engraved on the surfaces.
Common animal motifs are that of the humpback bell, rhinoceros, tiger, elephant, buffalo, bison, goat, marakor, sakin, crocodile etc. However, no evidence of a cow has been found on any of the seals. Generally, seals have animal or human figures on one side and seals on the other or both R stamps. Also some seals have inscriptions on the third side as well.
Harappan Civilization history
Seals were mainly used for commercial purposes and were helpful in communication. The discovery of various seals in Mesopotamia and various sites such as Lothal suggest the fact that seals were used extensively for trade. Some seals with a hole have also been found on the dead bodies. This suggests that they were probably used as amulets. probably their holder
They must have been used as identification by Some seals also have geometrical figures, possibly used for educational purposes as well. Seals with a design resembling 'swastika' have also been found.
Main seals include. The seal of Pashupati, the seal with the unicorn.
bronze urticaria
The Harappan civilization was witness to the practice of bronze casting on a large scale. Bronze sculptures were made using the 'vanishing wax technique' or '. In this technique, wax idols were first coated with wet clay and then allowed to dry. The clay-coated idols were then heated to melt the wax inside.
The wax was then expelled through a small hole and the molten metal was poured inside the hollow mould. After the metal had cooled and solidified, the clay coating was removed and
There was a shape of wax, the shape of metal used to be ready in the same shape. Even today, this technique is practiced in many parts of the country.
Example: bronze dancer of Mohenjodaro, bronze bull of Kalibanga etc.
Harappan Civilization history best civilization
Baked clay is used to make terracotta sculptures. Compared to bronze sculptures, terracotta sculptures have been found in lesser numbers and are unequaled in size and form. pitching them
method and have been found mostly from sites in Gujarat and Kalibanga.
Example: Statue of Mother Goddess, Mask of a deity with horns, Toys etc.
The dancer's statue is the world's oldest casa statue. The four-inch statue found at Mohenjodaro depicts a naked woman wearing only jewellery. She is wearing bangles in her left hand and bracelets and amulets on her right hand. She is standing in Tribhanga dance posture with her right hand on her hip.
terracottao : Mther Goddess found from many Indus sites
Which shows their importance. It is a statue of a standing woman adorned with a necklace hanging on the raised chest. He is wearing a Dhoti/Kativastra and a girdle. He is also wearing a feathered crown. The face is also shown to hapakans in a very crude manner and there is a great deal of skill in this.
It's awesome. It was probably worshiped for prosperity. She must have also been the goddess of fertility.
History of Indian harappa
Bearded Priest (received from Mohenjodaro and made of statite) half-statue (top of body). It is a figure of a bearded man wrapped in a shawl with a trefoil pattern whose eyes are elongated and half closed as if in a meditative posture. An armlet on the right hand of this idol and plain woven on the head. There is a plaque.
Red sandstone sculpture of male torso (obtained from Harappa). The direction of this torso is forward. Its shoulders are well cooked and the belly is protruding.
There are probably socket holes in the neck and shoulders to connect the head and the arms. The pottery found at excavation sites can be broadly classified into two types, plain pottery and painted pottery.
Painted pottery is also known as red and black pottery because red color was used to color the background. And shiny black paint was used to create designs and figures on a red background.
Trees, birds, animal figures and geometric patterns were the recurring themes of the paintings. Out of most of the pottery found, the pottery made on chalk is the best. In addition, some pottery was probably used for three main purposes. were also made by hand. Some examples of colorful pottery have also been found.
Harappan Civilization
However these are very rare.
1. 3 Soft pots were mainly used for domestic purposes like storing food grains and water etc.
2 small vessels (usually less than half an inch in size) were used for decorative purposes. Used to reverse alcohol. There were also large sand in the bottom and some perforated pottery with small holes in the side. probably their
The Harappans used a variety of materials to make jewellery, from precious metals and gems to bones and even clay. Both men and women gorge. They used to wear ornaments like plaques, armlets and rings.
The girdles, earrings and anklets were worn only by women. Beads made of cornelian, sapphire, quartz statite etc. were also very popular and were manufactured on a large scale. This is evident from the factories found at Chavhudaro and Lothal.
For clothing, the Harappans used cotton and wool. These were spun by the rich and the poor alike. Also from the different styles of hair and beard, it can be inferred that the people of that time were also fashion conscious.
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